The Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (BIP) is a global initiative to promote the development and delivery of biodiversity indicators.
Its primary role is to serve the global user community by responding to the indicator requests of the CBD and other biodiversity-related Conventions, for IPBES, for reporting on the Sustainable Development Goals, and for use by national and regional governments.
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Minding the Gap - how the BIP is filling indicator gaps
Cross mapping of the BIP indicators to the Aichi Targets and SDGs
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Goal A
Goal B
Goal C
Goal D
Goal E
Goal A
Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society.
Aichi Target 1:
Public Awareness
By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.
Primary indicators
Biodiversity Barometer WAZA bio-literacy survey (Biodiversity literacy in global zoo and aquarium visitors) Ocean Health IndexSecondary indicators
Ocean Health Index
Aichi Target 2:
Biodiversity values mainstreamed
By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.
No global indicators currently available under the BIP
Aichi Target 3:
Subsidies and incentives
By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions.
Primary indicators
Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant taxes Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant charges and fees Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant tradable permit schemes Trends in potentially environmentally harmful elements of government support to agriculture (producer support estimate)
Aichi Target 4:
Sustainable production and consumption
By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.
Primary indicators
Ecological Footprint Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) Percentage of Parties with legislation in Category 1 under CITES National Legislation Project (NLP) Red List Index (internationally traded species) MSC Certified Catch Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Wildlife Picture Index Red List IndexSecondary indicators
MSC Certified Catch Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Wildlife Picture Index Red List IndexGoal B
Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.
Aichi Target 5:
Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation
By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced.
Primary indicators
Forest area as a proportion of total land area CGMFC-21 - Continuous Global Mangrove Forest Cover for the 21st Century Biodiversity Habitat Index Wetland Extent Trends Index Red List Index (forest specialist species) Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Wildlife Picture Index Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type Protected area coverage Red List Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsSecondary indicators
Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Wildlife Picture Index Protected area coverage Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications Red List Index
Aichi Target 6:
Fisheries
By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.
Primary indicators
Marine Trophic Index MSC Certified Catch Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels Red List Index (impacts of fisheries) Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Living Planet Index (trends in target and bycatch species) Red List IndexSecondary indicators
Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Red List Index
Aichi Target 7:
Sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, forestry
By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.
Primary indicators
Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Trends in potentially environmentally harmful elements of government support to agriculture (producer support estimate) Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification Living Planet Index (farmland specialists) Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Ocean Health Index Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Wildlife Picture Index Red List IndexSecondary indicators
Trends in potentially environmentally harmful elements of government support to agriculture (producer support estimate) Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Ocean Health Index Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Wildlife Picture Index Red List Index
Aichi Target 8:
Pollution
By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Primary indicators
Trends in Nitrogen Deposition Trends in Loss of Reactive Nitrogen to the Environment Water Quality Index for Biodiversity Red List Index (impacts of pollution) Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Red List IndexSecondary indicators
Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Red List Index
Aichi Target 9:
Invasive Alien Species
By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.
Primary indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Trends in the numbers of invasive alien species introduction events Red List Index Red List Index (impacts of invasive alien species) Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsSecondary indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Red List Index
Aichi Target 10:
Vulnerable ecosystems
By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.
Primary indicators
Climatic impacts on European and North American birds Red List Index (reef-building corals) Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Wildlife Picture Index Red List Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsSecondary indicators
Wildlife Picture Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications Red List IndexGoal C
To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity.
Aichi Target 11:
Protected areas
By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes.
Primary indicators
Wildlife Picture Index Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type Protected Area Representativeness Index (PARC-Representativeness) Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Protected area coverage Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Red List Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsSecondary indicators
Wildlife Picture Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Red List Index
Aichi Target 12:
Threatened species
By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.
Primary indicators
Number of extinctions prevented Number of species extinctions (birds and mammals) Biodiversity Intactness Index Red List Index (forest specialist species) Proportion of known species assessed through the IUCN Red List Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Wildlife Picture Index Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Protected area coverage Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Red List Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsSecondary indicators
Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Red List Index (forest specialist species) Proportion of known species assessed through the IUCN Red List Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Protected area coverage Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF
Aichi Target 13:
Genetic diversity
By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.
Primary indicators
Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIFSecondary indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIFGoal D
Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Aichi Target 14:
Ecosystem services
By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.
Primary indicators
Red List Index (pollinating species) Red List Index (species used for food and medicine) Wetland Extent Trends Index Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity Biodiversity Intactness Index Protected area coverage Red List IndexSecondary indicators
Wetland Extent Trends Index Biodiversity Intactness Index Protected area coverage Red List Index
Aichi Target 15:
Resilience and restoration
By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.
Primary indicators
Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Wildlife Picture IndexSecondary indicators
Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area Ocean Health Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Wildlife Picture Index
Aichi Target 16:
ABS
By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation.
Primary indicators
Number of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that have deposited the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession of the Nagoya ProtocolGoal E
Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building.
Aichi Target 17:
NBSAPs
By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.
Primary indicators
Protected area coverage Number of countries with developed or revised NBSAPs Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsSecondary indicators
Protected area coverage Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications
Aichi Target 18:
Traditional knowledge
By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels.
Primary indicators
Index of Linguistic Diversity
Aichi Target 19:
Knowledge, science and technology
By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied.
Primary indicators
Proportion of known species assessed through the IUCN Red List Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIFSecondary indicators
Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems
Aichi Target 20:
Resource mobilization
By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.
Primary indicators
Official development assistance for biodiversityAichi Target 2:
Biodiversity values mainstreamed
By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.
No global indicators currently available under the BIP
Aichi Target 3:
Subsidies and incentives
By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions.
Primary indicators
Trends in potentially environmentally harmful elements of government support to agriculture (producer support estimate) Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant taxes Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant charges and fees Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant tradable permit schemesAichi Target 4:
Sustainable production and consumption
By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.
Primary indicators
Ecological Footprint Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) Red List Index (internationally traded species) Percentage of Parties with legislation in Category 1 under CITES National Legislation Project (NLP) Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP)Secondary indicators
MSC Certified Catch Ocean Health Index Red List Index Wildlife Picture Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine EcosystemsAichi Target 5:
Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation
By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced.
Primary indicators
Forest area as a proportion of total land area Red List Index (forest specialist species) Wetland Extent Trends Index Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area CGMFC-21 - Continuous Global Mangrove Forest Cover for the 21st Century Biodiversity Habitat IndexSecondary indicators
Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Red List Index Wildlife Picture Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Protected area coverage Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem typeAichi Target 14:
Ecosystem services
By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.
Primary indicators
Red List Index (pollinating species) Red List Index (species used for food and medicine) Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversitySecondary indicators
Red List Index Protected area coverage Wetland Extent Trends Index Biodiversity Intactness IndexAichi Target 1:
Public Awareness
By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.
Primary indicators
Biodiversity Barometer WAZA bio-literacy survey (Biodiversity literacy in global zoo and aquarium visitors)Secondary indicators
Ocean Health IndexAichi Target 10:
Vulnerable ecosystems
By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.
Primary indicators
Ocean Health Index Climatic impacts on European and North American birds Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Red List Index (reef-building corals)Secondary indicators
Red List Index Wildlife Picture Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsAichi Target 12:
Threatened species
By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.
Primary indicators
Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Living Planet Index Red List Index Wildlife Picture Index Number of extinctions prevented Number of species extinctions (birds and mammals) Biodiversity Intactness IndexSecondary indicators
Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Ocean Health Index Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Protected area coverage Red List Index (forest specialist species) Proportion of known species assessed through the IUCN Red List Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP)Aichi Target 15:
Resilience and restoration
By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.
Secondary indicators
Ocean Health Index Wildlife Picture Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP)Aichi Target 16:
ABS
By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation.
Primary indicators
Number of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that have deposited the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession of the Nagoya ProtocolAichi Target 18:
Traditional knowledge
By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels.
Primary indicators
Index of Linguistic DiversityAichi Target 19:
Knowledge, science and technology
By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied.
Primary indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Proportion of known species assessed through the IUCN Red ListSecondary indicators
Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine EcosystemsAichi Target 20:
Resource mobilization
By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.
Primary indicators
Official development assistance for biodiversityAichi Target 7:
Sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, forestry
By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.
Primary indicators
Living Planet Index (farmland specialists) Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSecondary indicators
Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Ocean Health Index Red List Index Wildlife Picture Index Trends in potentially environmentally harmful elements of government support to agriculture (producer support estimate) Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP)Aichi Target 6:
Fisheries
By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.
Primary indicators
Marine Trophic Index Living Planet Index (trends in target and bycatch species) MSC Certified Catch Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels Red List Index (impacts of fisheries)Secondary indicators
Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Red List Index Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine EcosystemsAichi Target 8:
Pollution
By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Primary indicators
Trends in Nitrogen Deposition Trends in Loss of Reactive Nitrogen to the Environment Water Quality Index for Biodiversity Red List Index (impacts of pollution)Secondary indicators
Red List Index Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP)Aichi Target 13:
Genetic diversity
By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.
Primary indicators
Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinctionSecondary indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIFAichi Target 11:
Protected areas
By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes.
Primary indicators
Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Protected area coverage Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type Protected Area Representativeness Index (PARC-Representativeness) Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness)Secondary indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Red List Index Wildlife Picture Index Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsAichi Target 17:
NBSAPs
By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.
Primary indicators
Number of countries with developed or revised NBSAPsSecondary indicators
Protected area coverage Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsAichi Target 9:
Invasive Alien Species
By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.
Primary indicators
Trends in the numbers of invasive alien species introduction events Red List Index (impacts of invasive alien species) Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradicationsSecondary indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Red List Index
GOAL 1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
SDG Target 1.4:
By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance.
Relevant indicators
Index of Linguistic DiversitySDG Target 1.b:
Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions.
Relevant indicators
Number of countries with developed or revised NBSAPs
GOAL 2 - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
SDG Target 2.4:
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality.
Relevant indicators
Marine Trophic Index Trends in Nitrogen Deposition Ocean Health Index Trends in Loss of Reactive Nitrogen to the Environment Red List Index Red List Index (pollinating species) Trends in potentially environmentally harmful elements of government support to agriculture (producer support estimate) Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds)SDG Target 2.5:
By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed.
Official indicators
Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinctionRelevant indicators
Number of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that have deposited the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession of the Nagoya Protocol Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 2.b:
Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round
Relevant indicators
Trends in potentially environmentally harmful elements of government support to agriculture (producer support estimate)
GOAL 3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
No global indicators currently available under the BIP
GOAL 4 - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
SDG Target 4.7:
By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
Relevant indicators
Biodiversity Barometer
GOAL 5 - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
No global indicators currently available under the BIP
GOAL 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
SDG Target 6.3:
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Relevant indicators
Water Quality Index for BiodiversitySDG Target 6.6:
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Official indicators
Wetland Extent Trends IndexRelevant indicators
Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions
GOAL 7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
No global indicators currently available under the BIP
GOAL 8 - Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
SDG Target 8.4:
Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead
Relevant indicators
Ecological Footprint Ocean Health Index Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 8.5:
By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 8.7:
Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 8.8:
Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification
GOAL 9 - Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
No global indicators currently available under the BIP
GOAL 10 - Reduce inequality within and among countries.
SDG Target 10.b:
Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes.
Relevant indicators
Official development assistance for biodiversity
GOAL 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
SDG Target 11.4:
Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
Relevant indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Red List Index Official development assistance for biodiversity Protected area coverage Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions
GOAL 12 - Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
SDG Target 12.2:
By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.
Relevant indicators
Marine Trophic Index Ecological Footprint Ocean Health Index Red List Index Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) Red List Index (species used for food and medicine) Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 12.5:
By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse.
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 12.6:
Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle.
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 12.7:
Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities.
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 12.8:
By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature.
Relevant indicators
Biodiversity Barometer Marine Trophic Index Ocean Health Index Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) WAZA bio-literacy survey (Biodiversity literacy in global zoo and aquarium visitors)
GOAL 13 - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
SDG Target 13.3:
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning.
Relevant indicators
Climatic impacts on European and North American birds
GOAL 14 - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.
SDG Target 14.1:
By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution.
Relevant indicators
Trends in Nitrogen Deposition Trends in Loss of Reactive Nitrogen to the Environment Red List Index Red List Index (impacts of pollution) Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine EcosystemsSDG Target 14.2:
By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans.
Relevant indicators
Living Planet Index (trends in target and bycatch species) Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Climatic impacts on European and North American birds Cumulative Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Red List Index (reef-building corals)SDG Target 14.3:
Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels.
Relevant indicators
Ocean Health Index Red List Index (reef-building corals)SDG Target 14.4:
By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics.
Official indicators
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levelsRelevant indicators
Living Planet Index (trends in target and bycatch species) Marine Trophic Index MSC Certified Catch Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Red List Index Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) Red List Index (impacts of fisheries) Red List Index (species used for food and medicine) Percentage of Parties with legislation in Category 1 under CITES National Legislation Project (NLP)SDG Target 14.5:
By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information.
Official indicators
Protected area coverageRelevant indicators
Red List Index Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Protected Area Coverage of EcoregionsSDG Target 14.6:
By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation.
Relevant indicators
Ocean Health IndexSDG Target 14.7:
By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.
Relevant indicators
MSC Certified Catch Ocean Health Index Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels Red List Index Red List Index (impacts of fisheries)SDG Target 14.a:
Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries.
Relevant indicators
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIFSDG Target 14.c:
Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want.
Relevant indicators
Ocean Health Index Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels Red List Index
GOAL 15 - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
SDG Target 15.1:
By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements.
Official indicators
Forest area as a proportion of total land area Protected area coverage Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem typeRelevant indicators
Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Living Planet Index (farmland specialists) Trends in Nitrogen Deposition Living Planet Index Trends in Loss of Reactive Nitrogen to the Environment Wildlife Picture Index Red List Index (forest specialist species) Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) Biodiversity Intactness Index Protected Area Representativeness Index (PARC-Representativeness) Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) Biodiversity Habitat IndexSDG Target 15.2:
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally.
Relevant indicators
Living Planet Index (farmland specialists) Forest area as a proportion of total land area Red List Index Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Red List Index (forest specialist species) Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions Biodiversity Habitat IndexSDG Target 15.3:
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.
Official indicators
Proportion of land that is degraded over total land areaRelevant indicators
Biodiversity Habitat IndexSDG Target 15.4:
By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.
Official indicators
Protected area coverage Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversityRelevant indicators
Living Planet Index Red List Index Red List Index (pollinating species) Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions Protected Area Representativeness Index (PARC-Representativeness) Protected Area Connectedness Index (PARC-Connectedness) Biodiversity Habitat IndexSDG Target 15.5:
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.
Official indicators
Red List IndexRelevant indicators
Wildlife Picture Index in tropical forest protected areas Living Planet Index (farmland specialists) Living Planet Index (forest specialists) Living Planet Index Ocean Health Index Climatic impacts on European and North American birds Wildlife Picture Index Red List Index (species used for food and medicine) Official development assistance for biodiversity Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Red List Index (forest specialist species) Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Proportion of known species assessed through the IUCN Red List Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds) Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions Number of extinctions prevented Number of species extinctions (birds and mammals) Biodiversity Habitat IndexSDG Target 15.6:
Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources.
Official indicators
Number of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that have deposited the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession of the Nagoya ProtocolSDG Target 15.7:
Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products.
Relevant indicators
Living Planet Index Red List Index Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) Red List Index (species used for food and medicine) Red List Index (internationally traded species) Protected Area Coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification Protected Area Coverage of Ecoregions Percentage of Parties with legislation in Category 1 under CITES National Legislation Project (NLP)SDG Target 15.8:
By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species.
Official indicators
Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species”Relevant indicators
Living Planet Index Trends in the numbers of invasive alien species introduction events Red List Index Red List Index (impacts of invasive alien species) Official development assistance for biodiversity Legislation for prevention and control of invasive alien species (IAS), encompassing “Trends in policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species” and “Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” Trends in invasive alien species vertebrate eradications Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 15.9:
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts.
Relevant indicators
Official development assistance for biodiversity Number of countries with developed or revised NBSAPsSDG Target 15.a:
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems.
Official indicators
Official development assistance for biodiversityRelevant indicators
Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant taxes Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant charges and fees Number of countries with biodiversity-relevant tradable permit schemesSDG Target 15.b:
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation.
Official indicators
Official development assistance for biodiversityRelevant indicators
Red List Index Wild Bird Index (forest & farmland specialist birds)SDG Target 15.c:
Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.
Relevant indicators
Red List Index Red List Index (internationally traded species) Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Percentage of Parties with legislation in Category 1 under CITES National Legislation Project (NLP)
GOAL 16 - Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
SDG Target 16.3:
Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all.
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 16.5:
Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms.
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certificationSDG Target 16.7:
Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels.
Relevant indicators
Area of forest under sustainable management: total FSC and PEFC forest management certification Index of Linguistic Diversity
GOAL 17 - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.
SDG Target 17.14:
Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development.
Relevant indicators
Number of countries with developed or revised NBSAPsSDG Target 17.6:
Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism
Relevant indicators
Growth in Species Occurrence Records Accessible Through GBIF Official development assistance for biodiversity
CITES
CMS
IPBES Global Assessment Chapters
IPBES Regional Assessment Chapters
Ramsar
UNCCD
CITES
Tthe Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
CMS
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats. CMS brings together the States through which migratory animals pass, the Range States, and lays the legal foundation for internationally coordinated conservation measures throughout a migratory range.
IPBES Global Assessment Chapters
IPBES is to perform regular and timely assessments of knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem services and their interlinkages at the global level. Also addressing an invitation by the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to prepare a global assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services building, inter alia, on its own and other relevant regional, subregional and thematic assessments, as well as on national reports.
IPBES Regional Assessment Chapters
IPBES is to perform regular and timely assessments of knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem services and their interlinkages at regional and subregional levels. Under this deliverable the Platform will prepare a set of regional and subregional assessments. The overall aim will be to assess the status and trends of biodiversity and ecosystem services, the impact of biodiversity and ecosystem services on human well-being and the effectiveness of responses, including the Strategic Plan and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the national biodiversity strategies and action plans. The assessments are also to identify the need for capacity, knowledge and policy support tools.
Ramsar
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, called the Ramsar Convention, is the intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
UNCCD
Established in 1994, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. The Convention addresses specifically the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands, where some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be found.
Agriculture
Marine & freshwater habitats
Pollution
Finance, research and knowledge
Human well-being
Policy & conservation actions
Species
Terrestrial habitats
Sustainable use of natural resources and land
Agriculture
Marine & freshwater habitats
Pollution
Finance, research and knowledge
Human well-being
Policy & conservation actions
Species
Terrestrial habitats
Sustainable use of natural resources and land
National Indicators
These global indicators are applicable for national use. More information on their suitability, data, methods involved, and examples of national use can be found on the 'National use of indicator' section of each indicator page.